Art History Paper †“the Denial of St. Peter” Essay

I chose the artwork â€Å"The Denial of St. Peter† attributed to Master Jacomo in the early mid-17th century made using either French or Italian style which consisted of oil on canvas. The physical condition of the painting looks good for how old it is and it looks clean. The painting represents a scene of a Roman guard interrogating St. Peter and a servant girl. St. Peter denies the fact that he is a follower of Jesus to the Roman soldier as the woman looks on. When I first saw the painting my eyes focused on the left side of the painting: then the followed the rest of it while noticing a dark and suspenseful scene that focused on the actions of many beings. The male and female on the right seem to on walk or stroll while the two males on the right are more on like a night shift or patrol. The people in the light are tenser and tight guarded while the two figures in the half dark are more open and smug with their facial features. The people in the light seem to be almost trying to hide something but it seems that the guard has some sort of idea what their hiding with the expression he has on his face. The guard might have a smug look but he has his right hand clenched meaning that not only is he cocky he is also a bit angry. The woman seems to be trying to hide the older male from the guard by putting his shroud over his face. The woman is also looking to her right which could give reference that she is lying because when people look to their right it says that they are using their right side of their brain which is where their creativity is. It seems that she is trying to lie in order to hide his identity. The old male however seems to trying to reassuring the guard to clear them of any suspicion that he may have of them. He is looking straight at him without doubt of fear in his eyes. The male that is in the back is trying to get a look at the old male and female while blocking most of the light from his ey es with his right hand. The most interesting part is the lit candle that the man is holding in his left hand as it is the only source of light in this painting. The guard is holding the other man by the wrist as he tries to steady the light. The funny thing is the light plays more of a role here than its purpose. The effect that is being used right now is the Chiaroscuro effect which is the strong contrast between light and dark. In this painting there is a strong contrast of light and dark. St. Peter and the woman faces and hands are in the light while their lower bodies are in darkness. For the guard if face and hand are the only parts in the light while the other male holding the candle only has half his face in the light. Also the light plays another part as showing who knows, who doesn’t, and who believes. In this painting the woman is in full light with the exception of some of her left side of the head this could refer that she knows of the old man’s identity. For the guard we can only see half his face in the light which could refer that he had some idea of who the old man is but he is still is not totally sure which could explain his smug expression of thinking he has St. Peter. The old man is in total light which is justified because he knows who he is so of course he would be know the truth. Now the man in the back his face would be in total light if his hand wasn’t covering his face which could mean he might know who the old man is but is trying to hide the truth from himself which is weird because he is the one holding the candle to begin with. Now the colors used in this painting are mostly dark colors. The scenery color does not vary. There is more focus on the middle detail and color on the middle portion of the painting rather than on the sides of the painting. The only color that really stands out is the red that the woman is wearing which draws attention to her. It could also mean anger showing that she could be angry that they were found. St. Peter is dressed in black with a brown shroud over his body and head. The black almost hides him in the dark with the brown as a cover if the light wasn’t on him. The black represent his inconspicuous while the brown shows his stability and connectivity with the earth. The guard is dressed in grey armor as he almost hiding himself in darkness also ready to come out whenever needed. It almost gives an ominous and depressing feeling when seeing that grey in the darkness. It could show that by meeting this guard they are facing exposure and loss. The light of the candle is again a bright color that illuminates everything in its path. It symbolizes the light of truth showing who knows what truth is and who does not. Other than those colors, darkness fills the rest of the painting obviously showing that this is a night scene. This painting showed a lot of effects that takes a while to see when looking at this painting. It was a great painting that I had a good sense of style and it had good hidden symbols in the painting. The artist really showed the Chiaroscuro effect and played the light well. Think the artist not only wanted to show â€Å"The Denial of St. Peter† but he also wanted to show how the light and truth have ties with each other. It probably the artist way of saying the light will always guide you to the truth.

After You, My Dear Alphone (Mrs Wilson) Essay

Mrs Wilson seems, to me at least, to be a bit old fashioned – something that isn’t quite so odd, considering the story was written in the 1940’s. I can imagine her being the typical housewife, struggling in the kitchen, gossiping and worrying with the neighbourhood women and fussing over minor details concerning her precious son, Johnny. However, her temper can get the best of her, creating tension and thus leaving a situation next to unbearable. In the story’s situation I know I would find it unbearable – by sheer awkwardness! As soon as little black Boyd enters her house, the assumptions pile up in Mrs Wilson’s head. Instantly feeling sorry for him and wanting to take care of him, she makes sure Johnny doesn’t take advantage of him and starts feeding the new boy. As kind hearted as it may seem, it took a nasty turn towards the end. When she talks about Boyd’s parents and how he needs to eat enough to work hard, she assumes he comes from a poor black family, struggling to make ends meet. There’s nothing about Boyd that would lead her to think so, except that he’s black and smaller than Johnny. She just immediately builds up this whole idea of this poor little boy. That really is a vague estimate of a book-cover’s content (†judging a book by it’s cover†), that she nonetheless is sure of. And doing so makes her prejudiced. She hardly listens to Boyd’s explanation of his family’s situation, and certainly doesn’t accept it. Not even when he tells her, that his father is a foreman. Later on, she pretty much forces their own unwanted clothes on the boy, expecting gratitude in return. When Boyd’s response was wonder, not understanding why he would be needing them, she becomes aggressive. Her reaction makes her seem arrogant, almost as if she needs the boy to be inferior. This makes her very unlikeable and shows her true colour. In today’s Denmark, there are people of all colours, ethnicities and and religions. Over the years this has become more and more accepted, but still there are Danes who look at them with distrust or just distaste. This can be a result of the criminal doings, that are caused by the immigrants. It can also be because these immigrants come bringing foreign culture to Denmark, which some Danes find hard to understand. And it’s an old habit, that what you don’t know, you fear. When talking only about prejudice towards different races, it instantly becomes more difficult to explain. Racists can have many different reasons as to why they feel a certain way or even resentment towards another race. Some have got their opinions in childhood from their parents and some from experience. Whatever the reason, it is generalisation of a whole bunch of people and doing so is always wrong.

Counselling Skills Essay

The counselling process is based on the exchange of emotions between the client and the counsellor which aims to form an alliance (Hough, 1998). It involves the counsellor using skills in which they possess in order to communicate effectively with clients (Hough, 1998). This reflective essay clearly articulates my application of counselling skills used in this practice session and suggestions for improvement. It will provide a summary of the session, identification of a range of skills used and a brief explanation of the reasons for using the skill. It will also provide an evaluation of my application of the skills chosen, including verbatim examples, suggestions for improvement, also including verbatim examples to demonstrate what could have been said or done and an overall reflection of my effectiveness as a counsellor and the implications for future reference. My client met with me for 20 minutes to discuss an issue she had based on her sense of balance in relation to her study and other commitments. She felt it wasn’t going very well and she came to counselling to talk about strategies that would make her life easier. During the session I tried to demonstrate skills learnt in counselling skills 1 and 2. The skills that I reflect on include non verbal communication, development of rapport, active listening, paraphrasing and open ended questions. My use of non verbal communication was effective as I greeted my client with a positive hand shake and a smile to ensure security when entering the room. I feel I succeeded in my active listening skills as I demonstrated my listening through non verbal eye contact and nodding. I paraphrased my client’s statements effectively to demonstrate my understanding of her issue. However, I feel I needed to decrease the amount of times I stroked my hair and used negative expressions to ensure my security and confidence towards my client. I also needed to be aware of how I asked my open ended questions by excluding questions beginning with the word ‘why’. Finally I needed to be clear and concise when terminating and reflecting on the session. At the beginning of the counselling session, I tried to adopt an open and positive attitude towards my client. I demonstrated this by employing the use of non verbal communication to assist in the creation of the joining relationship. Non verbal communication refers to communication without words (DeVito, 2010). Joining with a client refers to a meaningful and constructive relationship that has developed with a counsellor and a client (Armstrong, 2006). The most crucial part of the joining process occurs within the first 60 seconds of meeting the client (Armstrong, 2006). Within seconds of meeting my client, I greeted her with a positive hand shake and a smile. As a counsellor moves towards the client to greet them, this will in some way affect their feelings towards the counsellor and their confidence inside them (Geldard & Geldard, 2001). I decided to use non verbal messages towards my client to ensure comfort when entering a new environment. I also thought by demonstrating these messages I would establish a sense of rapport. Rapport refers to the harmonious communication between a client and their counsellor (Hough, 1998). By using the usual person-to-person encounter, expressing equality, I thought my client would feel secure when ready to communicate. It was effective as she responded with the usual positive hand shake and smile. Further along in the session, I felt I was using a skill known as active listening. Active listening refers to the observation of the client’s non verbal behaviour as well as the understanding of their verbal content and meaning (Hough, 1998). I demonstrated this through verbal and non verbal communication. I tried to monitor her feedback and secured my attention with the use of my focused eye communication. Eye contact is considered to be an expression of genuineness and honesty and when glancing directly at one’s face; this demonstrates a high interest in the interaction (DeVito, 2010). I was nodding when my client was explaining her issue and I made use of minimal expressions. A good way to let a client know you are listening is by the use of minimal responses including expressions and non verbal responses that occur in our everyday conversations (Geldard & Geldard, 2001). For example at the beginning of the session my client said â€Å"†¦ , Sometimes I feel I choose my job or something else in my life over my uni†¦ † I replied by nodding and made use of the expression â€Å"Mm-hmm†. I demonstrated this skill to allow the client to speak without interruptions and to verbally express my interest in her issue. Another skill I used within this session is a technique also known as paraphrasing. Paraphrasing refers to stating in one’s own words what they think the client means helping to ensure their understanding and interest in the client (DeVito, 2010). I felt that I demonstrated this when the client said â€Å"As the term progresses I get lazier, but at the beginning of the semester I am productive, and it feels rewarding when I do, do well nd I feel better about myself and everyone is proud of me as well when I get the results and stuff, but there’s this thing that comes into my mind that said I can’t do this and maybe I start rethinking about staying in uni and I start considering dropping it, so I can have more free time. † I reply by saying â€Å"Ok so you are saying that it is kind of a relief when the work is done, however you are finding it hard to kind of keep up, and maybe you don’t have the will power or the drive to continue this planning all the way through the semester. † The client replied saying â€Å"Ye that’s right†¦ I demonstrated this skill to ensure the meaning of my client’s statement was true, resulting in a positive response. During the session I noticed I demonstrated a hair stroking gesture. According to Eunson (2008) the hair stroking gesture is a shorthand way of showing insecurity. I felt that I was feeling a bit nervous at the beginning of the session only due to the recording taking place. I need to be self aware about how I come across to the speaker and how the speaker interprets my non verbal behaviour (Brems, 2001). For future reference, to allow the speaker to discern easily, I need to decrease hand gestures. Moreover, I found when I was communicating verbally I would use an insecure expression such as â€Å"umm†¦ † a number of times during the session. I was a little nervous at the beginning; however as the session progressed my use of that expression did decrease demonstrating I was feeling more confident in what I was saying and through the positive responses from my client. In time and through experience, this feeling will pass as I grow and develop, however I will need to hide my feelings so I can build a stronger relationship with my client. In addition, I found I made use of open ended questions throughout the session. Open ended questions explore the clients issue in greater depth (Hough, 1998). I demonstrated this when I asked â€Å"What is it that makes you feel that you can’t do it? † My client was then able to explore her reasons for the word â€Å"cant† by responding â€Å"I don’t know, I just feel when the term progresses I get lazier†¦ † I feel this allowed her to explore her main area in relation to her issue. However, later on in the session I asked â€Å"Why do you think you can’t continue this behaviour for the rest of the semester? According to Geldard & Geldard (2001) in response to such questions clients tend to look for an intellectually thought out response, rather than centring on what is occurring internally. To allow the client to elaborate for future reference I could ask â€Å"What is it that is stopping you from continuing this behaviour all the way through the semester? † During the session I tried to help my client develop a strategy for enabling a better future. Strategies are actions that help clients to accomplish their goals (Egan, 2010). When my client said â€Å"†¦ I feel it may also be that I am worried about coming home and doing my work on the computer and getting headaches and migraines†¦ † I asked my client â€Å"Have you ever considered checking your eyes at the optometrist? † She replied by saying â€Å"Yea I have†¦ and they said everything is alright†¦ † I then replied â€Å"Let’s try to explore some other options here, how about instead of using the computer all the time, maybe you can try and print out all of your readings for the semester, rather than using the computer as your resource, use writing pads and paper†¦ She responded by saying â€Å"That’s a good idea actually, it’s funny that you said that because at the beginning of the semester†¦ I spent time at the library printing off all my readings and all my learning guides and I sort of bound them professionally so then I can be organised†¦ but I didn’t think of it in the context of not being on the computer to help with my migraines†¦ † When exploring options with my client I found it was effective as she agreed with the new strategy and said she had put it in place for other reasons, however it made her realise it was a useful tool for this issue. Moreover, I attempted to conclude the session by specifying a time and reflecting on what was discussed, however I feel I didn’t end the session well and my closing statement wasn’t clear. I ended the session by saying â€Å"We have a couple of minutes left; I hope we can continue this in the next coming session, but I hope we have kind of resolved something today. We have had our options open with the prioritising thing, at least we know now that it is about prioritising, so we need to try and structure that and say this is my first priority†¦ nd once that is stuck in your head then hopefully we can progress and next time after you try these strategies at home and it still isn’t working then we can fall back on ways in which you can open up your time†¦ † It is sometimes important for the counsellor to provide a summary of the information discussed by the client to serve as a natural ending (Geldard & Geldard, 2001). Prior to concluding the session I felt another topic was introduced too late when the client said â€Å"That’s been really helpful, maybe we just find a way to prioritise my stuff† I replied by saying â€Å"†¦ With prioritising, in your life what is highest on your list? † It is important to avoid introducing new subjects at this stage, and if the client introduces a different topic or to extend the topic, schedule this for discussion in the next session (Hough, 1998). I could have ended the session without appearing intrusive or insensitive if I said â€Å"We have ten minutes left. Maybe we could look at what you have said so far, and highlight any points which you would like to talk about in your next session. † I feel this would have given a more clear termination to the session and would have provided a clear and concise summary. Upon reflection of the session, I believe my strengths lie in my ability to develop and maintain rapport. This was evident when I greeted the client using verbal and non verbal communication skills. I demonstrated a non verbal hand shake and smile to ensure my client’s comfort and security when entering a new environment. I believe my strengths also lie in the use of active listening. I demonstrated this through the use of non verbal eye contact and nodding when the client was speaking and through the use of paraphrasing. My learning edge is to be able to sit comfortably without too many hair stroking gestures and insecure verbal expressions to allow the client to feel that she isn’t being disturbed. Finally I need to ensure I conclude my session demonstrating a clear termination and concise summary. In conclusion, during the session I used a range of skills learnt in counselling skills 1 and 2. I demonstrated the use of a non verbal handshake and smile when greeting my client ensuring security and the establishment of rapport. I was able to demonstrate active listening when nodding and maintaining eye contact. I condensed my client statements showing my true understanding when paraphrasing. However, I needed to ensure I decreased insecure verbal and non verbal expressions to ensure the comfort of my client. I also felt I needed to choose the correct way in asking an open ended question, without using the word ‘why’ demonstrating my initial focus on her issue alone. Lastly I needed to correctly conclude my session by clearly and concisely summarising my client’s issue.

Individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Individual report - Essay Example any chooses to pursue one of the two types of the competitive advantage that is either via lower cost than its competitors then it can command greater section of the market and customers. The generic strategy gives a reflection of the choices that can be made by the company regarding the type of the competitive advantage and the scope of the market There are mainly three levels of international strategies that the Xiao mi Company uses namely corporate strategy, functional strategies and even business strategies. All these strategies focus on the international markets where they use cost leadership as the effective market strategies that they can use to explore and acquire greater market niche for their smart phones. The international strategies of the Xiao mi in the essence tries to define the business domain in which the firm can operate through recruiting foreign people, improving the R&D division and even through analysis of the factors that influence strong operation systems (Bruce, 2008). To meet the international standards, it is very important for the Xiao mi Company to answer quite different the many questions that form the major components of the business domain. These divergent answers should reflect the different corporate strengths and weaknesses and even different way that Xiao mi can use to assess different oppor tunities and threats that may be produced by the global economics and even the political environment. This theory tries to explain how Xiao mi can intensify their business activities in the foreign markets. In this set of model Xiao mi first gained a lot of experience from the domestic markets before they decide to move to the international markets to do international businesses of selling the smart phones making a gross sale of about 5 billion. Xiao Mi Company started their foreign operation by forming the agreement with the foreign intermediate or agents who are geographically in close countries to make people be aware of their products

How do employees survive in the current economy Essay

How do employees survive in the current economy - Essay Example Basically when a person is employed, one may ask himself, â€Å"whether or not he is qualified for wages and benefits that support a quality standard of living?† The answer depends on his salary. â€Å"Is his salary enough to send his children to school?† Or â€Å"is his salary enough to afford the hospital bills in case his children meet an accident, disease, or any kind of sickness or disability which requires hospitalization or confinement to the hospital?† If the answer is in the affirmative then we can safely say that a person is qualified for wages that support a quality standard of living. In case, of benefits, the employer must provide his employees the benefits required by the labor code. Non-observance of which means the diminution of employees’ benefits which the latter may take legal action to enforce their statutory rights. Anything short of the above-mentioned circumstances may well mean that a person is receiving a salary/wage which is not e nough to make his family live in comfort and quality standard of living. As mentioned earlier, the only resort of such employee is to have another job, so that he can have two - paid checks every pay day. In this way he can cope up with the dreaded challenges to which an employee and his family encounter each and every day of their lives.day of their lives. As to workingmen's security of tenure is concerned, we are all aware that downsizing, done in good faith, due to serious business reverses, or redundancy, is the scheme used or resorted to by the employer to minimize his expenses so that he can

Strategies for Environmental and Resource Governance Term Paper

Strategies for Environmental and Resource Governance - Term Paper Example But it also further enriches a powerful minority, mainly the already wealthy, and this poses a major barrier to change.† Without effective interventions, we are teetering precariously near the edge of a precipice. This paper looks at the case of water as a prime example of a finite resource whose depletion, if left unarrested, will create serious problems for the world.Fresh water is a basic human necessity. We need it for drinking, sanitation and personal hygiene, irrigation, hydroelectricity, for the natural resources it contains (such as fish), to preserve ecological balance, as part of our cultural mythology and for enjoyment (as part of the scenery).Flowing river water is a common resource which confers user rights but no private ownership rights. Groundwater, on the other hand, is subject to private ownership and therefore vulnerable to excess exploitation. This also makes ground water harvesting practices more scattered and difficult to implement and monitor. As more and more parts of the world face increasing water shortages and water commoditization, the issue of water scarcity – how it is perceived, problematized and the consequences in the form of policy responses – becomes crucial. ... First and foremost, it is essential to study the concept of scarcity – its underlying assumptions and how these translate in policy terms. Scarcity is a central concept in economic theory, particularly neoclassical economic theory, which in turn has strongly influenced policy thought. This focus on scarcity as deriving from economic thought, has important implications for policy planners. Firstly, scarcity is a given in economics. Thus, policy makers need not necessarily try and understand the nature of the scarcity – whether it is absolute or relative, constructed or real (Mehta 2003 and 2006) They can simply accept it as a natural and inevitable condition, evaluating only the degree of scarcity and building responses accordingly. Secondly, under conditions of scarcity, the market is considered to be the most efficient allocator of resources. In many developing countries, the market is replaced by the state, but scarcity is still considered to be addressable external t o the situation either by the market (by privatising water for example) or by the state (through prioritising of needs and resources connected to water). Segerfeldt proposes that the problem is not the shortage of water, but the absence of or deficiency in effective policies. He states: Worldwide, 1.1 billion people, mainly in poor countries, do not have access to clean, safe water. The shortage of water helps to perpetuate poverty, disease and early death. However, there is no shortage of water, at least not globally. We use a mere 8 per cent of the water available for human consumption. Instead, bad policies are the main problem. Even Cherrapunji, India, the wettest place on earth, suffers from recurrent water shortages. In looking at the roots of the problem

Arbitration Construction between Dubai and Yemen Case Study

Arbitration Construction between Dubai and Yemen - Case Study Example In addition, the decisions reached through arbitration are taken generally as enforceable. In addition to arbitration, the road to mediation can also be pursued as a means of alternative dispute resolution but such a discussion is beyond the scope of the current issue at hand. However, it must be taken to note that the outcomes of mediation are typically non-binding on the involved disputing parties. Arbitration has traditionally been in use for the settlement of commercial disputes between parties. More specifically, the practice of arbitration has been applied to international commercial disputes since the issue of court jurisdiction is bound to arise in international commercial disputes. The general rules applicable to arbitration are often encased in the commercial contract that is created between the involved parties. Another aspect of the arbitration process is the role of the arbitrator. As opposed to mediation, the arbitrator will not have to find common ground between the disputing parties. Instead, the arbitrator is only bound by tradition to examine the presented evidence and to reach a final verdict without any requirement to find common ground. The arbitrator can and generally does provide a determination of the incurred liability and also might subscribe to the quantified damages.

In Defense of Masks by Kenneth Gergen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In Defense of Masks by Kenneth Gergen - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that  it is impossible to live through life without putting on or developing masks. Masks are a vital part of human society. Masks act as a source of fostering relationships and understandability between various groups in society.  People portray different forms of their real selves. They adorn masks to masks to achieve various objectives in their lives, but it is a fake characterization of their true beliefs and attitudes of a person. Everybody has a motivation towards hiding their identities. Whether it is to get accepted, loved, ignored, inflict fear or hide from shame. This urge to wear masks is true to human form. The urge for survival in a tough and competitive world makes people act in a manner that is not true to self. For example, it is common for an employee to appear subtle in front of his/her boss just to appease them and look well-mannered or cultured. The employee may in the actual sense not be cultured or well-mannered. He or she may be a loudmouth or someone that ridicules fellow coworkers at the workplace. But because the employee is in the presence of their boss and he or she hopes to get noticed for a promotion or favor, they hide their true identity in front of the boss. The boss would thus pick up a fake attitude or behavior from the employee. The motivation to get promoted or noticed makes the employee wear a mask that hides their real identity.  Society has also forced human beings to wear masks. Societal pressures make people act in ways that are not true to their selves. In a world that is full of standards and demands, people act to please others and not themselves (Gergen 138). Friends, enemies, and relatives may force individuals to behave in certain ways.  

Summary of chapter 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of chapter 1 - Essay Example If these two forces are equal, where (F in –F out =0), then the particle will be found to move at a constant velocity. Mechanism and machines are terms that have been consistently used more so in the field of engineering and technology. The term mechanism is used to refer to the chemical, physical and fundamental processes that are accountable for the occurrence of an action or a reaction. On the other hand, the term machine refers to the assembly of various parts that can transmit or convey forces, energy and motion in a programmed manner. In kinematics, mechanism can be seen as an ideal means of controlling, transmitting or compelling relative movement through rigid bodies which are connected together by joints. Kinematics has been widely applied in various subjects in order to reduce workload and describe certain complex scientific concepts. For instance, in the field of astrophysics, kinematics has been used to describe the movement of astronomic bodies and systems such as the solar system. In addition, it has also been used to explain the functioning of the various machinery parts more so in the fields of biomechanics, robotics and in mechanical engineering. This chapter therefore generally surveys the theoretic basis and the existing applications of kinetic and kinematic synthesis for the appropriate functioning and design of machinery. In addition, the chapter has an organized presentation which aims at critically and scientifically illustrate the mechanical advantage in the kinematic synthesis

Do women 'choose' to wear make up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do women 'choose' to wear make up - Essay Example Though makeup has been in production since 3500 B.C., it became a female necessity in the early 20th century (Peril, 2002). Makeup was created for the sole purpose for women to hide any flaws and blemishes that others, mainly men, did not wish to see on them. In essence, makeup was designed to make women look more desirable to the eye. Due to makeup, a woman was hardly ever seen for who and what she really was; this seemed to be how men liked it. Oddly enough, most makeup was advertised as enabling women to feel better about themselves, though all it did was give the majority of women a complex of self-consciousness, and the only people it seemed to positively affect was males. Makeup was the subtle way of telling a woman that she was not pretty enough, and that she could look better than she originally does. From a young age, women were taught this and they were convinced that makeup would not only make them feel better, but that it would also make them look better. When it came to being a female, looking your best was always, for some reason, what mattered the most above all other characteristics. Because of how young they are when they are influenced by makeup, when it comes to whether or not women have the choice to wear makeup, it can be said that many of them do not. Even as children, girls would watch their moms spend time everyday in front of the mirror - and often more than one time a day - applying makeup, trying to look her best. Some of these little girls were given toy makeup kits to play with; whether these were meant for fun or for early makeup applying practice, it cannot be said (Peril, 2006). Even if they were meant for pretend play, girls were still subjected and influenced by makeup from that young age, during those young years when they should have been more concerned with having a childhood. As they get older, they are subjected to other types of makeup; once they have all of the various types on their

Plato's advise to President-Elect Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plato's advise to President-Elect Obama - Essay Example A difficult, if not impossible, task awaits you to start clean when you take office. So much has gone wrong, and the consequences of previous rulers’ actions will follow you throughout your time in office. But take my advice, the genuine ruler â€Å"will take society and human character as his canvas, and begin by scraping it clean. . . . [H]e will not consent to take in hand either an individual or a state or to draft laws, until he is given a clean surface to work on or has cleansed it himself† (p. 209). You can’t hope to fix anything if failed policies and actions can’t be scraped away to make room for better governing. Weigh carefully in your mind, when you’re asked to make decisions, the worth of a specific action, over and above what it means to those who petition you. Don’t be afraid to end policies that weren’t set up with the people’s best interest in mind in the first place. Keep the greater good of the whole populatio n in mind, rather than the complaining voices of lobbyists and congressmen. Philosophically weigh the consequences of the war and the nation’s economic policies, and make decisions from a clean slate if those previous policies aren’t working. The man who held office before you seemed to me drunk with power. I believe â€Å"access to power must be confined to men who are not in love with it† (p. 235). If you fall in love with being leader of what’s been called the greatest nation on earth, you’ll forget why you were elected to this office in the first place: to serve the people. Make your life good and wise first, and then you’ll be happy and be able to rule the nation philosophically and not through power. â€Å"All goes wrong when, starved for lack of anything good in their own lives, men turn to public affairs hoping to snatch from thence the happiness they hunger for† (p. 235). Men and women who rule the nation must be philosophers

Criminal Law Essay Example for Free

Criminal Law Essay 1. What kind of strike does the law not allow to form the basis of self-defense claims? d. Preemptive Correct Question 2 The castle exception is an exception to what doctrine? a. the retreat doctrine Question 3 Which of the following cases involves the â€Å"New York Subway Vigilante?† c. People v. Goetz (1986) Correct Question 4 Most defenses are perfect defenses; if they’re successful, defendants are c. acquitted. Question 5 The retreat requirement is weakest or nonexistent when persons are attacked b. in their own homes. Correct Question 6 The defense of consent recognizes the societal value of a. individual autonomy. Correct Question 7 A defense in which the defendant admits the act but claims that, under the circumstances, they aren’t legally responsible is called b. excuse. Correct Question 8 A defense in which the defendant accepts responsibility for the act but claims what they did was right is called a. justification. Correct Question 9 Circumstances that convince fact finders that defendants don’t deserve the maximum penalty for the crime they’re convicted of are called c. mitigating circumstances. Correct Question 10 Which of the following never justifies the use of force against another person? a. retaliation Question 11 At the heart of the choice-of-evils defense is the necessity to prevent a. imminent danger. Correct Question 12 A person who was the initial aggressor can gain a lawful right to self-defense if they do which of the following from the incident they started? b. completely withdraw Correct Question 13 A person can use deadly force against an attacker whom the victim reasonably believes is going to cause them an injury less than death. The attacker is said to be threatening b. serious bodily injury. Correct Question 14 What is the heart of self-defense? a. necessity Correct Question 15 The general rule is that self-defense is available only against what type of attacks? b. Legal Question 16 Which of the following is a key requirement of the necessity defense? a. that no reasonable legal option exists for averting the harm Correct Question 17 The law of self-defense is undergoing b. major transformation. Correct Question 18 In some jurisdictions, a person must retreat before using defensive deadly force if a. he can with complete safety to himself and others. Correct Question 19 Defensive force may be used only if the threat or danger is  d. imminent. Correct Question 20 Evidence that doesn’t amount to a perfect defense might amount to an imperfect defense; that is, defendants are d. guilty of lesser offenses.

Sociology Essays Risk Society Theory

Sociology Essays Risk Society Theory Risk Society Theory What are the main features of Ulrich Beck’s ‘Risk Society’ theory? To what extent does it challenge the explanations of inequality based upon class, gender and race? This essay will give brief context to the term coined by Ulrich Beck (1992), ‘risk society’, before it discusses the main characteristics of Beck’s theory; risk, individualisation and reflexive modernity, characteristics that all intertwine with one another. Demonstrates a realist approach to risk, throughout some of his writings however he demonstrates a weak version f social constructionalizm. (lupton) â€Å"Society is increasingly preoccupied with the future (and also with safety), which generates the notion of risk† (Giddens 1999: 3). Ulrich Beck (1992) coined the term ‘risk society’, which is used to describe the type of risks that have primarily been created as a result of the industrialisation and modernisation processes. Beck (1992) examined the hazards of pre-industrial society to see whether they are just as damaging as the risks that we are facing in modernity. He concludes that we are not progressing towards a post-modern society as Baudrillard and Lyotard argue, but instead we are moving into an era that he calls ‘the second modernity’. He continues to say that ‘manufactured risks’ (Giddens, 1999), which are products of human activity, have possibly become more ‘deadlier,’ than the epidemics which plagued our society in the pre-modern epoch. However it is Elliot (2002) who states that Beck is not implying that we now live in a more hazardous society, but that he acknowledges the types of risks in society have altered. Beck et al (2003) states that modernity has not been replaced but that it has become more problematic. Beck (1992) however is not as pessimistic as other theorists such as Weber, Foucault or Adorno; he states that for society to evolve then modernisation must become ‘reflexive’. Therefore introducing ‘Reflexive modernity’ as a central feature of Beck’s ‘risk theory’, which is a process whereby development is attained through reform. At this point questions begin to arise because the concepts of post-modernity and reflexive modernity tend to overlap and thus it is necessary to explain the differences between postmodernism and second-modernity. Although post-modernity and second-modernity share some similarities, they have one clear distinction; second-modernity is focused more on evolutionary advances, thus reforming the society; rather than the radical idea that postmodernist put forward, the idea of revolution. ‘Risk’ itself, Beck argues has become increasingly central to our global society: â€Å"Indeed, in a world that could literally destroy itself, risk managing and risk monitoring increasingly influence both constitutions and calculations of social action† (Elliot, 2002: 8) He, like most of society uses the term ‘risk’ as a synonym for danger, a danger that is caused through the need of ‘controlling’ certain aspects of society, in aid of heightening social security (Elliot, 2002). However Beck (1999) had previously stated that ‘ultimate security’ is unattainable to human beings. This ‘new risk’ according to Beck differs from the ‘risk’ experience by pre-modern society; instead of ‘risk’ being generated by natural disasters, which were seen as a ‘stoke of fate’, it has derived through the evolution of technology, and individual choice. The latter is seen as crucial to Beck’s debate, as it â€Å"is societal intervention, in the form of decision-making that transforms incalculable hazards into calculable risks† (Elliot, 2002: 3) thus Beck’s theory of risk society has become a political debate. For Beck the â€Å"production of risk has become more important than the production of wealth† (Albrow, 1996: 9). Here Beck introduces another key element to his debate, the idea of ‘globalisation’. He argues that the risk of nuclear radiation, many modern technologies, the greater mobility of diseases, global warming, and invasive species affects everyone, globally. Supported by Elliot (2002) who points out; that Beck mention even; the rich and powerful are unable to avoid hazards such as global warming. Thus creating what Beck (1992) describes as the ‘boomerang effect’, which simple means that even those who produced or once profited from certain risks, will sooner or later be effected by them, thus, in effect, eliminating the element of class inequalities. Bringing the essay back to a more political content; class, race and gender have conventionally been seen as the main political conflicts within society; however Beck argues that this has been replaced with ‘new globalising conflicts’ (Elliot, 2002: 11). This universal theory that Beck has created states that no one is safe from the harmful risk that new-modernity predicted, it has emerged on a global scale, making boundaries seem irrelevant, and for Beck this global scale was a by-product of ‘reflexive modernisation’. Thus seen as a positive step forward on dissolving social inequalities, however with globalisation occurring, and the blurring of boundaries it led to social agents becoming more individualised. In pre-modern society it was stated that our lives were pre-destined, based on the chances given at birth. However under the notion of Beck’s ‘risk society’, he argues that society is reshaping its social structure and thus creating more individualised social agents, as he concludes: â€Å"individuals must then, free of these structures, reflexivity construct their own biographies†(Beck, 1992: 3), making individualisation another main feature of Beck’s theory. Individualisation, as Lupton mentions is the ‘private side of globalisation’ (2002: 83). Individualisation was seen as a positive step forward into post-modernity. However it is Elliot (2002) who states that individualisation itself has become problematic because what may be seen as beneficial to individuals today, can become problematic tomorrow. This is supported by advance technology being able to test the genetic health of the unborn, seen as a positive advancement, however it was argued by Beck and Beck-Gernsheim that it became problematic for the parents, as they saw it as a compulsory to use ‘such technologies’ in order to give their offspring the best possible start in life (1995). Individualisation leads to an increasing demand upon individuals, as well as increasing choice, especially as there has been a breakdown of traditional certainties that were originally structured through age, gender and social class, enabling society to be set free from the social forms of industrial society. Generating more risk including â€Å"unemployment or underemployment, marital instability and family breakdown, accompanied by high levels of anxiety and insecurity.† (pg 85). Therefore beginning to answer the second part of this question ‘†¦to what extent does it challenge the explanations of inequalities†¦?’ Inequality within society has always been a widely controversial issue; for Beck it is part of every day society, and thus is a feature for his theory of risk. As questions have been raised such as; are certain types/groups of people more affected by these ‘new risks’? Does that differ from the inequality found in pre-modernity? Beck does state that certain groups of people are affected more than others by the distribution and growth of risk. However ‘risk’ has not surpassed problems of inequality and distribution of goods, it has intensified them. For Marxist theoreticians the situation has became ambivalent; on the one hand income inequalities have remained unaltered, however the importance of the social class system seems to have been significantly reduced. He spoke of a new kind of capitalism; ‘capitalism without class,’ focusing more on the capitalism of the individual, the result is the problems of the system have lessened politically and transformed into a ‘novel of personal experimentation’ (Elliot, 2002: 7) allowing the ‘risk’ personal failure. Gender, Beck (1992) argued has also altered within society, there has been a breakdown of the strict stereotypical ideologies. This is primarily reflected through the increasing acceptance of divorce within society, which Beck argues is the ‘trap door’ through which women fall into ‘new poverty’ as their support and in essence stability is being reduced, and as a result; ‘risk’ has become part of ‘family life’. Equality therefore, is challenged by ‘risk’ because as a result of more decision making within the family, there has become more of a need for the correct balance of their desires of autonomy and self-expression, with their need for dependence and emotional stability that is established through the dependence of a secure relationship. For Beck refers to the ‘omni-dimensional’ (1992: 103) inequality of genders; arguing that the ‘epochal changes’ that we have encountered regarding law and education, are more apparent ‘on paper’ than the behaviour and beliefs of society, and rather than increasing equality, the paradoxical effect has intensified inequalities, with that new ‘personal risks’, like that of the insecurities related to employment and economy within new modernity. Individualization is therefore burdened with risk (ibid.).With the breakdown of many of the traditional certainties structured through age, gender and social class, a plurality of new risks are generated, including unemployment or underemployment, marital instability and family breakdown, accompanied by high levels of anxiety and insecurity. Life becomes less certain even while it is placed more under one’s control. This move towards individualization does not mean that social inequalities or structuring of opportunities through such attributes asclass, gender or ethnicity have disappeared. Rather, in the face of individualization the influence of these structures have become less obvious and acknowledged as affecting life chances. Inequalities have become primarily viewed as individualized, perceived as ‘psychological dispositions: as personal inadequacies, guilt feelings, anxieties, conflicts, and neuroses’ (Beck 1992b:100).

Customer Relationship Management System

Customer Relationship Management System Executive summary The purpose of this research is to explore and examine the experience and perception of management and employees to know about the importance, implementation of customer relationship management (CRM) system in German organization. For better understanding of the topic, a literature review of the past and relevant research about CRM perspectives is going to be taken place, in addition the findings would be compared with the literature review to know about the similarities and differences between the two. This research is taken the account case study analysis of two German organizations. Mainly the data is taken from the seven days visit to Bremen City of Germany. Where the trend of being innovative seen in Beluga shipping and DB schenker logistics use information technology to support its huge network of frights transport. After the analysis of findings, the conclusions and recommendation are given on the bases of potential pitfall and success of CRM system help in increase the value for both customer and organization. 1. Introduction In todays business environment, it is very important to understand the consumers behaviour as it shapes the market trends. They are well aware, more educated, and more serious in demanding for product and services that they require and they are well aware of the technology and comparing the products. It is imperative for the organisation to understand and share their internal customer knowledge and then combine it with new information about their customers in order to compete in the market and to achieve the future success. The basic three steps in marketing process is to understand the market place, designing marketing strategy in order to customer driven and making up marketing program, which leads to the forth and most important step, is to build a profitable customer relationships, ( kotler Armstrong, 2006). In order to establish such relationship it is most important to understand Customer relationship management (CRM) which is concept of modern marketing reforms. Kotler 2006, customer relationship management is the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationship by offering superior customer value and satisfaction which means deals with all the aspects of attaining, maintaining and growing customer needs (kotler Armstrong, 2006). Although customer care is always being given importance in the commercial activity, the new model of Customer relationship management known as CRM is very essential for organization in adapting a customer focused structure, which can maximises the potential value of customers expectations from the company and get the opportunity of making business strategy on the basis of information obtain from customer (Kenneth, 2002). The research describes the various aspects, like customer focus strategy, reforms needed to current customer business processes, change management and constant progress in developing and implementation of CRM system. The research further describes the present literature on CRM, benefits and possible barrier to CRM system in the context of German organization, analyzing the observation during the visits to companies in Bremen. AIM The aim of the research is to evaluate the importance, implementation of Customer relationship management system. Objectives To understand the key definition of CRM. To explore the importance of developing CRM in an organization To analyze the benefits of Information process on CRM framework. To examine the framework and literature of CRM and compare it to the companies visited in Bremen. 2. Literature review 2.1 CRM perspectives In the business environment customer plays important role and considered to be top priority. This statement is much more reliable, strong and applicable to todays world than it was before. The organization success is fairly depends on their ability to facilitate customer constantly, fulfil all their specific needs of product and service. This concept is understood by studying customer relationship management (CRM) where its all about to locating, obtaining and retaining customer. Gartner considered CRM as mostly recognized customer and sales oriented strategy which includes advance technology to manage, mechanize, and bring success in to business processes mainly sales activities, but also involve those of marketing, customer service and technical support. The overall objectives is to attract more customer from the market, look after them and looking after existing customers, attract former clients back into the fold, and minimize marketing and client service costs (Gartner 2009). While Buttle, F. (2009) considered CRM as nothing more than relationship marketing, but also by manipulate customer to continue possible communication to increase customer consistency, maintenance and ultimate goal is to develop long term relationships. There is a great need of CRM because of rapid development of marketing and technology which goal is to understand the customer and to achieve enduring success in the competitive business environment. As CRM is present in mostly busin ess operation, Peelen, E (2005) believes that CRM is very influential tool for both business to business and business to consumer environments, but it has been underestimated. Due to the great exploitation of information technology, seller community and expert community, has great interest in CRM. The two terms CRM and relationship marketing used interchangeably in academic area (Parvatiyar sheth, 2001). CRM is a comprehensive strategy and process of attaining, retaining, and create association with the selected customer help to build superior value to the company and the customer (Parvatiyar sheth, 2001). Many marketing efforts considered to be used for customer retention which helps in customer attachment which can be achieved by staying in touch with customer after the sale is made, Vavra (1992). CRM is going beyond existing of literature because it require a cross functional combination of processes, people, operations and marketing capabilities that is possible through information technology and applications (Payne and Frow, 2005). In fact CRM goes ahead of customer focus, CRM not include only to make relationships and a system usage for collection and analyzing data it also involves in the integration of all these activities throughout the firm, connecting these activities to both firm and customer value. This enhance the capability of firm to enlarge this integration along the value chain, and development for the integration of these activities across the network of firm, these pool resource customer value while building shareholder value of firm, (Boulding, Staelin , Ehret Johnston 2005). 2.2The importance of CRM In one of customer think corporation survey, 68% customer leave due to poor services provided by companies show in appendix 1. The key to success is to create strong and long term relationship with customer. CRM is an important tool to generate benefits for both customer and sellers. They treated every customer specially and try to get the appropriate information about the usage of their purchase which makes firms to increase their sales and also increase customer loyalty. Furthermore CRM also helps in making the sale processes very easy and simple which help sales staff to deal faster. There is great opportunity for the organization to cross selling and up selling to customers which are loyal to firms through CRM. This helps the organization to develop the quality and better relationship with customers which also improve customer satisfaction, hence gained customer loyalty. Research suggests that new customer cost organization 4 to 8 times more than existing customer, Cannie and Caplin (1991) also suggest that keep customer for life time is better than sale at one time. With the help of CRM organization is capable to predict customer behaviour during purchases of product and services; with the support of IT by using different ways of communication with customer and stored it in business database. As there is rapid change in the customer behaviour, the most sensible way is to keep track of customer change and persuade them properly is to build supportive and collaborative relationship with customer (Sheth Sisodia, 1995). CRM also creates very useful knowledgeable platform and processes between companies and their customer as past study proves that CRM is very powerful competitive tool in improving success of companies and their customer. 2.3 How CRM system works for organization CRM Framework The theoretical frameworks are based on the combination of previous literature, experience and common sense (Eisenhardt, 1989). There are many different inspirations which result in different development, but it is not possible that one successful CRM framework is suitable for every business sector (Duane, 2009). Many researchers suggested that integrated framework should be on the basis of conceptualization and should be process oriented (Payne, 2005, Dous2005, Parvatiyar, 2001 in Appendix 2). Payne et al, (2005) develop a framework for CRM on five generic processes, which are, (1 the information management process, (2The multichannel integration process, (3 the value creation process, (4 the strategy development process and (5 the performance assessment process. After this framework given by Payne, an effective CRM is now to support and give value to the wide number of customers and employees; CRM has to support wide range of roles, channels and devices. Mainly, CRM activity will involve in the collection of customers, suppliers, partners and relevant data thorough multiple channels of way like web, phone, email, fax etc, (the multichannel integration process) and using Knowledge management(KM) approaches to transform the collected data in to the useful information for making business decisions (the information management process). Vision and objectives of company must be identified clearly (the strategy development process) than to transform it in to the different business programs and processes that gives mutual benefits to customer and business (the value creation process). The next step of CRM process cycle is to create the interaction with customer in order to maximize commercial exposure and return (the integration process). Finally progress is needed to be checked to look for any failure and helps to keep track the configuration of goals, resources and results (performance assessment process). 2.3.1The information process The fundamental to the successful implementation of CRM strategy requires flawless customer centric process, which is supported by integrated technology throughout the enterprise and also its supply chain which give right information at right time (Radcliffe, 2001). In supporting the statement that technology solutions support CRM, CRM must be flexible, customizable, connivance, cost effective and speed of operation, it must match the requirement of business. However, CRM tool is just a addition to CRM strategy, proper strategy and outstanding implementation is essential for a success of CRM (Parvatiyar, et. Al. 2001) 2.3.2The strategy development and the value creation process The strategy development process shall include basic steps of strategy formation, decision making and implementation. Bell (2000) points out that understanding the present allows people to attain an orienting perspective to provide a basic for moving forward. Hence, the strategy formation for CRM shall be based on the company mission and objective with taking into consideration the value creation for customer, employees and investors. Then, decided on the long term plan and operating plan based on the objectives set. Finally, take necessary action to effect implementation. The value-creation process is built on the capabilities and motivation of the companys employees to develop product and process innovation according to customer needs; to identify existing and potential customer profitability for decision on customer acquisition and customer retention activities; and the organizations value to customers, and the basis of its valuation by shareholders. At this point, KM participate an important roles by putting the information processing power of technology to anticipating or predicting customer needs. 2.3.3The multichannel integration The multi-channel integration process plays important roles to transform business strategy and value creation into value-adding interactions with customers. Those include all pre-sales communications, sales interaction, post-sale service and support with customer. At the present, there are many means of communications available in the market such as internet, direct mail, ground sales force and telephony; or a hybrid channel model which involves multiple channels. Therefore, for the company it is important to work on individual channel roles and tailoring them according the targeted customers segments needs instead of trying to capture all customer needs like provide Everything to Everyone Everywhere. 2.3.4 Performance Assessment process The performance assessment process covers the very important task of monitoring, CRM indicators is connected to the set objectives; which helps managers in making of plans ,taking decisions and guide ongoing daily activites. Kaplan Norton (2001) pointed out that since the traditional financial measurement tools such as balance sheets, profit and loss statement and cash flow statement are introduce to measure the activities like strong versus poor indicators, companies started implementation of very different method of measurement based on their internal decision making style.Kellen (2002) recommended a comprehensive CRM measurement frameworks which includes point of view from a verity of different business unit. The CRM measurement framework includes brand building, customer equity building, customer-facing operations and leading indicator measurement. 2.3.5 CRM global management There are many large internationally oriented companies which are today trying to become global by integrating their worldwide operations. To accomplish this they are seeking helpful and concerted solutions for global operations from their sellers instead of just engage in transactional activities with them (Parvatiyar Sheth, 2001).such customers make it very essential for marketers interested in many global business to adopt CRM programs, mainly global account management program (Yip Madsen 1996).Global account management (GAM) is theoretically similar to national account management programs a part from (GAM) have to be global in scope and thus more complex. To mange customer relationship management around the world there is essential need of external and internal partnering activities, this also includes the partnering across a firms worldwide organization. 2.4 Barrier to CRM CRM is considering being helpful tool for achieving organization goals, but when applying CRM concept and technologies to business operation needs through commitment. Depends on business to business type and how far they want to expand their application ,management has to find out the possible problem come across in the process of before ,during and after implementing these application. Here are some problems cited by Ramsay (2003) which are followings. 2.4.1 Lack of definition The rapid change in business environment, CRM is enclosed with new ideas, concepts, new technology, new methodologies, and constantly developing. As a result many companies are having difficulties in acquiring new technology, and also unsure about where to start. Management is not sure about how to approach CRM and how that affect the different phases of companys operation. 2.4.2 Poor leadership The team which are in leaders of CRM efforts are mostly functional heads who often do not have enough strategic plan or perspective experience of CRM. They are strictly being measured according to their specific activities within their functions. While the main focus should be on the companys overall strategies. One other factor is that most of CRM program are implemented projected base on general technical-requirements focus instead of business need focus. As mention earlier that CRM is strategic process that helps companies in understanding customer needs. So, companies can improve their processes to provide these needs to their customer (Oracle, 2006). 2.4.3 Insufficient help from CRM vendors CRM vendors are the ones who provide the new tools for organizations. Most of the time they only pointed out those CRM aspect which are involved in the product rather than focus on main important factors of CRM in lot of business areas. There are some vendors who would convince the customer by implementing CRM system, than the customer can solve all the problems which are facing by them currently. 3. Germany Germany is the world most famous second populous nation and Europes largest economy .Germany country itself is very strong position in its region in terms of economical, political and in defence organization. German economy is the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment and benefits from highly skilled labour force(www.cia.gov).germany is among worlds largest and technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food, beverages, metal fabrication, shipbuilding, machine building, textiles and petroleum refining. In all above services and manufacturing account is the dominant share of German economic activities, raw materials and semi manufactured goods make a large portion of imports. Germany is democratic federal parliamentary nation, made up of 16 federal states in which Bremen is main port and tenth largest state of Ger many. 4. Bremen Bremen city population 551,600, capital of the state of Bremen, located North West of Germany along with Weser River .the state or Bremen was formed in 1947 by combining the two main parts Bremen and Bremerhaven both are the main port of state as well, where Bremen covers 325 square kilometres and Bremerhaven covers 80 square kilometres. Bremen is Germanys largest port after Hamburg and its commercial and industrial center trading in cotton, wool, tobacco and copper. The city of Bremen products include ships, aircraft, steel, machinery, electrical equipment, textiles, beer and foodstuff, specifically roasted coffee. Bremen has employed about half of workforce working in commerce, transportation and service sector. The shipyard was one of the largest employers closed in 1996. It is the oldest port city of German. Bremen strongly depended on industry sector of 83% in the economy. 5. Methodology This research mainly focuses on the importance implementation of CRM system in context to German organization.acoording to this, case study approach is adopted which enables the researcher in understanding and to pose question related to what happen, how thing work in CRM system and why (yin, 2003).the above literature review helps researcher in the different aspects of CRM system, potential pitfall and where to go during the implementation of CRM system in organization. The data for case study analysis was collected very short period of time which includes the 7 days visit to two main city of German state which is Bremen and Bremerhaven .there are some presentation arrange by the individuals representing their companies and there is interview session as well. The main two companies are chosen for findings is beluga and DB schenker. Mainly the data is collected from the company websites and during the interview session, informal communication with staff members and managers of organization the notes are made which helps researcher in relate the practical experience and observation with the literature review. The structure of CRM System is studied by using different articles ,books, academic journals .research papers and internet web pages which is relate back to data .Silverman (1998) stated that researcher should focus on what people do and what they say they do. These combined approaches give researcher a useful help in generating that data which i s rich in detail and high in rigidity (Miles and Huberman, 1994). 6. CRM in terms of German context The customer is main focus of every business and it is also been noticed in over visit to organization in Bremen is how their overall objectives of the companies fulfilling the needs of their customer. The presenter of Beluga, DB schenker and hansaflex also give evidence of complete satisfaction for their customer. Mostly of these organizations providing best services benefits to their clients. The beluga shipping was founded by presented and CEO Niels Stolberg in 1995, they working as a simple cargo operator during that time. From the very start off beluga shipping focus to create solid and fast rising niche market project and working on controlled heavy-lift cargo. The beluga group, consisting of main business, beluga shipping GmbH, beluga chartering GmbH and beluga fleet management GmbH co .offering to their customer a complete expert service worldwide, beluga is always in coordination with customer in every step of project planning and successful understanding .the beluga chartering involves the expertise of every cargo which closely work with transport engineering and operation department. They know exactly which ship is suitable for which cargo and also ensuring of continues employment of fleet. The beluga core service fleet management is responsible for fleet support, quality management, ship management, technical management with crewing and recruitment and planning of beluga cadets (management of sea academy) and supervision of new building projects is also in list of fleet management expertise. Beluga shipping managed strategic focus of how, flexibility and expansion, which make them the leading international specialist of heavy shipment of sensitive, bulky cargo which is difficult to handle. Due to the experienced experts at beluga shipping Gmbh that helps in achieving the demands of customer worldwide on the basis of modern fleet and advance technology, which involve the use for more than 70 multipurpose heavy lift cargos carries. These also ensure there is one ideally suited vessel is available for the respective specific challenge. Deutsche Bahn AG was founded in 1994; today it is worlds leading operators of passenger and logistics companies in 150 countries. The company rail activities in Germany are its core business. DB schenker is combination of transport and logistics activities of (Deutsche Bahn) employing more than 91,000 staff spread across around 2,000 locations. DB schenker is one of the leading global integrated logistics service providers and has a leading goods transport rail network at its disposal. Having its dense network DB schenker is operating in one of the world most important economic region, in air and ocean transport, in European land transport, in contact logistics as well as in supply chain management. With the help of this very special goods transport rail network company claim to provide quick and efficient solutions for the most varying of client requirements both with regards to trade and industry. 7. Main findings The presenter of beluga is much inspire from the company CEO work and the current setup business they have .Beckhusen explained how they managing the relation with customer while operating in the niche market of project and heavy lift cargo. As CRM makes itself necessary tool for business because it differentiate an organization among the competitor with the useful knowledge resource about product and also the ability to quick identifying and find solutions to customers problems (Nguyen, sheriff, and Newby,2007). Beluga presenter explained the knowledge about the product like, specialized in heavy lifting cargo and continues innovation for example, the continued expansion of the fleet capacity, to make vessel which can fulfil the demand of super heavy cargo uplifting possible.currenty the vessels in their fleet 69 units with the capacity of 800 tons and more ,than strategic target for the end of 2012 is 75 units, these new vessels will be equipped with cargo handing gear which can li ft a combinable load of up to 1400 tons on the most powerful units (its called Beluga P-class ). Db scheker presenter claimed that the huge network of rail service help in supporting the main dominant area of their business operation. Europeanization provides enormous opportunities for the railways. DB Schenker Rail getting advantage and has already made tremendous effort not only on the production but also on service side, customer focus is good example for better processes. Having no1 position in rail freight to maintain strong relationship with customer the CEO of DB Schenker rail Hedderich, explains that the expansion of rail fright helps to sustain that relationship and to attract new customer, which requires integrated planning across all the companies and across national border, in those countries where we find partner with strong performance, we work together with them. Putting customer in mind and work continually fulfilling the needs of customer Hedderich, also answer to the question about is customer will go along u current strategy? That restructuring is something th at many of our customers wanted because the quality of cross-border transport in many cases leaves something to be desired. Like Phelon (2004) define CRM by saying that customer leverage is an art. The rapid increase in the demand for heavy cargo and there is need of technological advancement for best compete in the market, Beluga use the up to date advance technology and also work along with partners to get growth in other potential markets .t( Nguyen, sheriff, and Newby,2007 ) stated that CRM helps in reducing the gap between customer and organization ,contributing to organizational success through customer loyalty, better service , superior information gathering and learning organizational. Beluga follow customer orientation approach, like we are, where the customer needs us any time offering 24/7 direct customer approach. Furthermore entrant of new markets like in March 2009 in the oil and gas sectors, Norway offers attractive opportunities for the Beluga fleet. So in order to understand and close view of the local market establish strong personal contacts with customer and also keenly to get involved in regional development in the maritime sector ,Beluga shipping GmbH esta blished a wholly owned subsidiary ,the beluga project (Norway) ,the board of director is constituted by Niels Stolberg (president and CEO of beluga shipping GmbH).the strategy to get closer to potential market helps in attracting new customer ,its increases customer satisfaction and reliability. Like in Asia region, the advantage of local presence, especially in Beijing, is being close the shippers and decision-making centres as well as to the freight forwarding companies and, in particular, being able to offer an extra service to industry through our cargo superintendents in Shanghai,says Jaap den Hartog, director of Beluga Chartering Department for Asia,(blue line beluga magazine .2008,page 35) The company can access easily to potential customer information and give possible solutions for customer problems. After successfully settle down and dealing with customer in Norway, Beluga CEO Niels Stolberg says, thanks to our local presence in Norway, we are able to position beluga fro coming project well ahead of time, we want to integrated our modern hardware and our innovative corporate philosophy into projects as early as possible, giving our customer a reliable transport solution, Confirmed by sales manager Robert instinsky. One important feature of CRM customer selectivity as research studies reveals that ,all customer are not equally profitable for an individual company (Storbacka,2000).the company therefore must be selective and tailoring its programs and marketing efforts by segmenting appropriate customer for individual marketing programs .in one news service (Oliver Schumacher issued by DB mobility logistics AG potsdamer platz 2, 10785 Berlin,Germany,2009) DB schenker is now leader in innovative air freight concepts. There is service operating by DB Schenker called skybridge service, example offering the unique intermodal solution to the combination of air and ocean freight from Asia to Europe Via Dubai, getting advantage from the low price of ocean fright with the speed of air fright. This combination of air and ocean frights Company get significantly lower cost compared to pure air freight, the offer is very attractive for companies that do not want to sacrifice the time advantage of air fright. DB Schenker is able to successful allocate its resources to those customer to serve its best to create mutual value. In global ocean freight, to giving importance to their customer the local presence of DB Schenker logistics combines the local market knowledge, global expertise, and the strength (2,000 locations in 130 countries) they have in their operating businesses helps to achieving organization goals. They can give useful solution to their local customer problems having in the operation of logistics services. As we look the above findings both companies working continuously on improving the quality of its products and services. To achieve successfully this, the ability of its customer service departments to response quickly and accurately to enquiries about the customer shipments is essential. As Beluga is working in niche market but the satisfaction of the customer is main priority of business. there is successful implementation of empowerment in organization .as Beckhausen describe her achievement from assistant to director in 5 years is the proof of company has the policy encouraging employees .the main decision is taken by the top management but they also encouraging lower management new ideas to work on it, than the ideas are successfully implemented in organization, this give employees as sense of freedom and encouragement which also helps to improve employee performance. while in DB schenker the case is different , Janina explained that most of the decision is taken by the top level management, there is no empowerment in organization, like the employees are working on day to day routine job no new ideas are encourage and implemented from the lower management. This will leads to inefficiency in work which will put adverse effect on customer relations with organization. Because employees plays basic role in the delivery of CRM activities, the firm need to give attention to organizational matter related to CRM it is important area of consideration, Data and technology processes and system are essential for CRM activities, in these processes and system without appropriate human interaction the returns on investments in these area is at risk (Boulding, Staelin, Ehret Johnston 2005).customer can loss trust on companys ability to deliverer quick and efficient work. For beluga and db Schenker, logistics is a key competitive quality factor. The factors behind the market success of beluga shipping are following. Quality and on schedule performance Precision and reliability Flexibility Expertise. While factors of market success for Db schenker logistics are; Linking component to the flow of goods. True sustainable footprint.

Language Games, Writing Games - Wittgenstein and Derrida: A Comparative Study :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Language Games, Writing Games - Wittgenstein and Derrida: A Comparative Study ABSTRACT: The concept of deconstruction was first used by Derrida in transforming Heideggerian "destruction." The deconstruction of Derrida is a textintern, intertextual, in-textual activity. He plays a double game inside of philosophy, emphasizing that our thinking is embedded in metaphysics, while at the same moment he questions metaphysics. Wittgenstein's deconstruction, however, involves a new kind of reading, a Zerzettelung of the traditionally argumentative and linear thinking modes. The game plays an important role in both philosophers' texts. I would like to investigate this role and function under the two following viewpoints. First, I think that the game has a strategic role. Second, both philosophers stress that their game is not a founded game but is bounded to knowledge and forms of knowledge. Wittgenstein and Derrida are two spurs, Ã ©perons of philosophical thinking, who changed the milieu of philosophical discourses. They practice new arts of thinking and writing, which lead to a change of paradigm and of style in philosophy. In the case of late Wittgenstein the change manifests in a critical attitude toward modern logical discourses. The annonced silence (Stille) of the Tractatus transfigures itself through textual dispersions into the styles (Stile) of the late Wittgenstein. By Derrida we can discover this paradigm change in his critique of philosophical "logo-phono-ethnocentrism" and even more in his way of writing, wich through its disseminating force overpasses the bar between philosophy and literature. Alluding to the historical perspectives of these relationships Rorty remarked (Rorty 1984, 5) that as Derrida treats the philosophy of Heidegger, in the similar way treated Heidegger the philosophy of Nietzsche. Derrida is in the same position to Heidegger and Heidegger to Nietzsche as Wittgenstein is to Russell and Russell to Mill. It would be interesting to analyze paralelly the Mill-Russell-Wittgenstein line to the Nietzsche-Heidegger-Derrida line or to investigate the Mill-Nietzsche, Russell-Heidegger and Wittgenstein-Derrida couples. I would like to focus in my paper on three aspects of the Wittgenstein-Derrida relationship: the philosophical attitudes, the writing and reading activity and the language games and writing games. 1. Philosophy as deconstructive activity The concept of deconstruction would be used the first time by Derrida, transforming Heideggerian "destruction", but we can suppose, that the activity meant by deconstruction would be "practiced" also by others, by earlier philosophers. Derrida himself notes that there are at least three proto-deconstructors - Nietzsche, Freud and Heidegger, but the deconstructive activity is as old as the philosophy.

What is a Distribution Channel? :: Organizations, Production, Shipping

A distribution channel is organizations joined together in the process of making products available to consumers. An effective distribution channel can help improve company sales while lowering costs. An ineffective distribution strategy can be very costly to a company and might even cause financial troubles. This paper will take a look at the logistics, production and shipping strategies of Colgate-Palmolive. This paper will also discuss the marketing channels and areas the Colgate Company can improve on. Logistics, Production and Shipping Having an effective logistics, production and shipping strategy can give companies an advantage over their competitors. Producing and getting products to customers can be costly. Having an effective strategy can help reduce costs and increase profits. Colgate works closely with suppliers in order to increase quality, cost effectiveness and innovation. The company only chooses to work with suppliers that share the same values as the Colgate-Palmolive company (Colgate, 2011). Over the years Colgate-Palmolive has had to take a look at the number of plants the company had and where those plants were located. The company sells products in over two hundred countries and has plants located in different regions around the world. Since 2004 Colgate reduced the number of plants they operated worldwide (Colgate, 2011). The company started to use contract manufacturing rather than doing its own manufacturing (Trunick, 2011). By making these changes the company has been able to control costs more and become more profitable. Products need to find a way from manufacturing plants to the customers. Colgate uses several ocean containers, truckload shipments and smaller truck shipments (Trunick, 2011). Shipping costs can be very costly. With some plants closing travel miles from the plant to the customer grew. Rising gas prices along with the extra miles caused costs to rise (Trunick, 2011). Marketing Channels According to Berry (2010) â€Å"in its most simplistic form, a marketing channel performs the work of moving goods from producers to consumers.† According to Quelch and Laidler (2011) â€Å"In 1987, traditional food stores sold 75% of oral care products, but by 1992 they accounted for only 43% of toothbrush sales and 47% of toothpaste sales.† The distribution strategy for Colgate is through large retail stores, grocery stores, drug stores, dentists and plastic surgeons. Colgate has been very successful in positioning Colgate products in store locations where they would gain customers attention (Khurana, 2010).

Louisa and Sissy: Fact Against Fancy in Hard Times

Louisa and Sissy: Fact against fancy in Hard Times. Two female characters in Hard Times, Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe could be considered contrastive by fate and there is moral fable in this contrast. It is significant that in last two paragraphs of the novel Dickens applies to motherhood as a sense of woman happiness. Daughter of main educator of Coketown, have got only the bitter questionnaire: â€Å"Herself again a wife – a mother – lovingly watchful of her children, ever careful that they should have a childhood of the mind no less than a childhood of the body, as knowing it to be even a more beautiful thing, and a possession, any hoarded scrap of which, is a blessing and happiness to the wisest? Did Louisa see this? Such a thing was never to be. †(Chapter 9, Final, p. 274) But Sissy, â€Å"Girl number twenty† (Chapter 1,p. ) in Gradgrind list, was granted with love and motherhood in return for her human virtue: â€Å" But, happy Sissy's happy children loving her; all children loving her; she, grown learned in childish lore; thinking no innocent and pretty fancy ever to be despised; trying hard to know her humbler fellow-creatures, and to beautify their lives of machinery and reality with those imaginative graces and delights,†¦ or fancy dress, or fancy fair; b ut simply as a duty to be done, – did Louisa see these things of herself? These things were to be. † (Chapter 9, Final, p. 274) What is the major difference between two of them and why author gives credits to simple-minded Sissy, and left sorrows for educated Louisa? The reader can understand, that Gradgrind was disappointed with Sissy from the very beginning. He didn’t like the fact, that her father works in the circus. Fun and imagination were beyond Gradgrind’s acceptation. Sissy failed with factual definition of the horse in the very beginning of the novel and becomes a loser in his eyes. But his own daughter, Louisa, has to struggle with inner conflict:†fire with nothing to burn†(Ch. 3) Her imagination was suppressed up to degree of starving under the pressure of that utilitarian educational virtue of â€Å"fact†. Trying to see a circus she and her brother Tom peep though the loophole. Being asked about, she simply answered: ‘Wanted to see what it was like† (Ch. 8). Somehow she neglected her father’s slogan: †Louisa, never wonder! †(Ch. 8) In the article Charles Dickens, Hard times: for these times Chris Bilton says: â€Å"The only escape from this relentless grind of alculation and rationality is the horse-riding circus, glimpsed tantalisingly by Gradgrind’s children through a hole in the tent. Here is food for the ‘idle imagination’ and ‘fancy’ their father denies them† Louisa and her brother are deemed to have the best, as their father is a very knowledgeable man and they are â€Å"model children† in â€Å"model house†, but â€Å" starved imagination keeping life in itself somehow, which brightened it’s expression†. Dickens is depicturing that Louisa knows so many facts, but has not much to imagine. This â€Å" metallurgical Louisa† used to look out the window at the factory chimneys and observe: â€Å"There seems to be nothing there but languid and monotonous smoke. Yet when the night comes, Fire bursts out. † She can only state a fact about her surroundings. Dickens shows how forced education in a militant style can hurt a developing mind more than help it. Attentive reader can recognize intonation of reproach in her timid speech: â€Å"You have been so careful of me, that I never had a child's dream. You have dealt so wisely with me, father, from my cradle to this hour, that I never had a child's belief or a child's fear† . But the most dramatic moment happened in the very end of Book The Second, then mental breakdown happened to Louisa and Gradgrind â€Å"laid her down there, and sow the pride of his heart and the triumph of his system, lying, an insensible heap, at his feet† (p. 204) Sissy Jupe in other hand, also was treated by Gradgrind’s system. But she was a daughter of the circus clown, and spent early childhood in lively atmosphere, surrounded by emotional people, who taught her other things, then facts: In the article â€Å"Taking Dickens to task:Hard Times once more† Malkolm Pittok states: † For the circus has as its raison d'etre the development of ‘useless' and ‘unproductive'acrobatic skills, the dramatic enactment of highly coloured fictions, and a mode of fanciful, and fancifully advertised, play. In direct contrast to the selfish individualism promoted by Gradgrindism, its members show a generous solidarity and human directness of response. †(p. 116) Gradgrid was trying to influence this foil with his utilitarian approach, but he failed. She depictured as emotional girl from the very beginning: â€Å"Sissy Jupe, Sir†, explained number twenty, blushing†¦(Ch 2, p 8) Sissy began living with the Gradgrind family, and indirectly helped them to understand, that something in their life was missed. Love and care were unknown virtues in this family. â€Å"Only Sissy Jupe, the finest flower of the ircus way of life, has influence where it matters and becomes a beacon of effective light and goodness – a model for all of us to aspire to†, says Pittock. Louisa and Sissy have significant dialog in the Book The Third, Chapter 1. Louisa begging for her friendship: â€Å"Forgive me, pity me, help me! Have compassion on my great need, and let me lay this head o f mine upon a loving heart! †(p. 210) So the â€Å"poor girl† becomes the only â€Å"loving heart† for Gradgrind’s family. She took care of Mrs. Gradgrind and after he death becomes a mother to younger children of this family. So it is right time to conclude, that fancy wins the fact as far as Sissy granted with female happiness in the very end of Hard Tines and educated Louisa went through mental suffer and appeared childless. To state, that motherhood is the only virtue of female life is not right, but there not too much left for woman, if she never ever experienced the happiness of motherhood. Works Cited: Bilton, Chris Charles Dickens, Hard times: for these times. International Journal of Cultural Policy Vol. 16, No. 1, February 2010, 15–16 Web 03 Nov 2011 Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Oxford University Press, New York, 2008. Print.

Conclusion The combination of biased emotional sentences Essay

Its very rough to keep personal prejudice bug out of a thing like this. And no matter where you run into it, prejudice obscures the truth. This refer from the 12 angry men is, probably, the outflank sum of the bows significance in the movie. Most of the jurors have their accept prejudices and some of them play the important federal agency in the movies eyepatch. 12 angry men and the role of bias One of the main bases of this film is that mickles bias often affects on their opinion. The travel part of the movie proves this idea clearly.The intimately slanted is juror 3. subsequently the vote 8-4 Not guilty most of the arguments are aimed on his persuasion exactly juror 3 resists these attempts. At last he confesses he is biased against the schoolboyish men because of his deliver conflict with his son. heretofore when 11 jurors found the boy to be not guilty, the juror 3 doesnt agree. He is sure that the boy shouldnt even tell to his father Im gonna kill you, but th e grow of his opinion go back to his own son who punched him in the face.Another biased person is juror10. His sentences are well(p) of racism and intolerance. He reveals his biases in the next words Im telltale(a) ya, they let those kids run wild up there. Well, maybe it serves em right. Conclusion The confederacy of biased emotional sentences and the deductive probable arguments makes the dialogues in the movie breathtaking and the plot dynamical. References 12 angry men impression Quotes. Retrieved at http//www. cinemasavvy. com/moviequotes/1/12angrymenquotes. html

Organizational Change & Leadership from a Systems Perspective Essay

There atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) aspects to running a successful arranging. The envisage of running a strain ab initio starts off as a plenty in the mind of the founder. That vision materializes into the flush statement, and progresses on to becoming an memorial t fittedt valued of macrocosm put into a business plan. After completion of the many administrative and legal steps required, one moldiness limit authoritative to hire mature bulk. A successful business ordain start with positive human interaction. The hatful of the transcription essential(prenominal) turn in the learningset to increasingly advocate, non only for the clients, precisely alike for that of the organization. The members of our organization essential accept the big businessman to see the vision and the exitingness to work terrible to even off the organization successful. I entrust discuss the lead that pull up stakes ruff benefit our ideate organization establish on our mental faculty input. I will also discuss from a carcasss location what organizational force will waken human values to our staff and clients. I will address the six functions that atomic number 18 salient which work in concert and fork up to the efficiency of the dream organization, and last, but not least, I will discuss the leadership role in the conceptual fashion model for human service dealment.I trust our dream organization to be several(a) in all aspects. A divers(prenominal) model would suit the holds of the community, but I would have to say some(prenominal) the divers(prenominal) and visionary model would shell accommodate the needs of all staff involved with the growth of the organization. As decl ared in an article I read, people often associate qualities to the leaders that are inherent in the personality of the leader. reasoncapable leadership reflects concerns about image, professional appearances are key to success (Chin, 2011). Leaders need t o acknowledge the challenges in making decisions in diverse organizations become more light with tension and complexity one must be more strategic in their thinking, apportioning diversity issues in the context of mission, vision, and scheme (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis,2012). The founder will set the display case of behavior by encouraging approve for all staff members. instruction will promote understanding of values and traditions from the diverse population the organization will hand over service to. Strong leadership has a trickle-down effect. If our management team is strong, the staff will follow.A diverse leadership that has a vision to lead will ground our clients that anything they put their mind to is attainable. Goals were set by each staff member and as a team we all brainstormed those goals to make sure they were attainable and met the needs of the organization. Our organization provides a service to the females of our community and it is pregnant that we impact their lives by the examples we set as management. We will employ a diverse population of females from all aspects of life to dungeon our organizational desire to provide demand services to our community. We will have interns from the college on site with hopes of being financially able to hire those showing to be slap-up with their volunteer ability. Staff will have input in how the operation is run. We will also give the client a chance to provide input as they work through our program. The life skill classes we will be providing will call down the clients desires and expectations in life. lead traits ideal to our agency are the labor oriented Behaviors According to Lewis, Packard, and Lewis (2012). In bless to run a successful organization a leader must have these traits and they are Intelligence be able to run the organization, Self-confidence must be confident in the work that is being done, Determination the desire to get the play done persistence dominance and drive, In tegrity, highschool energy level, tolerance for stress, social intelligence, wound up stability, sociability agreeableness and lastly conscientiousness material A leader must possess knowledge and understanding of the organization (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, 2012) . The Contingency Theory of leadership scheme basically suggest that there is no one way to lead and either situation is oppositely and the different behaviors are appropriate for different situations (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, 2012).The systems perspective is amply of subsystems according to Lewis, Packard, and Lewis (2012), all subsystems work in concert first with planning, budgeting, designing, staffing, supervising, evaluating which are all authorised to the systems. Without one you cannot proceed to the other (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, 2012). leaders must look at thesubsystems, and make sure the organization is on track. counselling must make sure to have the proper skillset of employee in each department. comp letely six sub-systems must work together to assure the success of the organization. One of the images in the reading showed leadership to be the means of the organization. leadership is surrounded by designing, budgeting, staffing, supervising, planning, monitor and evaluating. I would hold to that decree and consider it a key to success. In conclusion, our dream organization will make sure we hold to the vision of the founder magical spell keep the mission statement in mind as we provide service to the community. After reading the many different leadership styles available to various organizations, I have come to the conclusion that is to the benefit of the organization to input a microscopic of all the various means of leadership into the organization in order to successfully run the organization.There is no right hand or wrong way and you must tweak the various leaderships in order to create the one that will lift out suit your organization. When we look at the system and the systems perspective and evaluated how they work, it is key that the leader manage them and understand how each system operates. Management must give positive snap and clear instruction as to what the sequel should be at any prone stage. When each step of the system are completed accurately, and in order, you are backcloth the organization up to succeedReferencesChin, J. L. (2011). Women and Leadership Transforming Visions and Current Contexts. Forum On normal Policy Online, 2. Retrieved from http//www.forumonpublicpolicy.com Lewis, J. A., Packard, T. R., & Lewis, M. D. (2012). Management of Human serving Programs (5th ed.). Mason, OH Cengage Learning.